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Jamaican singer-songwriter (1945–1981)

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The Honourable

Bob Marley


OM

Black and white image of Bob Marley on stage with a guitar

Marley performing at the Dalymount Park in Dublin in July 1980
Born

Robert Nesta Marley


(1945-02-06)6 February 1945

Ix Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Colony of Jamaica
Died xi May 1981(1981-05-11) (anile 36)

Miami, Florida, US
Other names
  • Donald Marley
  • Tuff Gong
Occupation
  • Musician
  • songwriter
Spouse(s)

Rita Anderson

​

(thou. )​
Partner(s) Cindy Breakspeare (1977–1978)
Children
  • 11, including
  • Sharon
  • Cedella
  • David "Ziggy"
  • Stephen
  • Rohan
  • Julian
  • Ky-Mani
  • and Damian
Parent(s)
  • Norval Sinclair Marley
  • Cedella Booker
Relatives
  • Skip Marley (grandson)
  • Nico Marley (grandson)
  • Selah Marley (granddaughter)
Musical career
Genres
  • Reggae
  • ska
  • rocksteady
  • folk[i]
Instruments
  • Vocals
  • guitar
  • percussion
Years active 1962–1981
Labels
  • Beverley's
  • Studio One
  • JAD
  • Wail'n Soul'm
  • Upsetter
  • Tuff Gong
  • Island
Associated acts Bob Marley and the Wailers
Website bobmarley.com

Musical artist

Robert Nesta Marley OM (vi February 1945 – 11 May 1981) was a Jamaican singer, songwriter, and musician. Considered one of the pioneers of reggae, his musical career was marked by fusing elements of reggae, ska, and rocksteady, also as his distinctive song and songwriting style.[2] [three] Marley'due south contributions to music increased the visibility of Jamaican music worldwide, and made him a global figure in popular civilisation for over a decade.[iv] [5] Over the course of his career, Marley became known as a Rastafari icon, and he infused his music with a sense of spirituality.[six] He is also considered a global symbol of Jamaican music and culture and identity, and was controversial in his outspoken support for autonomous social reforms. In 1976, Marley survived an assassination endeavor in his habitation, which was idea to be politically motivated.[7] He also supported legalization of marijuana, and advocated for Pan-Africanism.[8]

Born in Nine Mile, Jamaica, Marley began his professional musical career in 1963, after forming the Teenagers with Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer, which afterward several proper noun changes would become the Wailers. The group released its debut studio anthology The Wailing Wailers in 1965, which contained the single "One Love", a reworking of "People Get Set up"; the song was pop worldwide, and established the group as a rising figure in reggae.[9] The Wailers released a farther eleven studio albums, and later signing to Island Records the band'due south name became Bob Marley and the Wailers. While initially employing louder instrumentation and singing, the group began engaging in rhythmic-based vocal construction in the late 1960s and early 1970s, which coincided with Marley's conversion to Rastafari. Around this time, Marley relocated to London, and the grouping embodied their musical shift with the release of the anthology The Best of The Wailers (1971).[ten]

The grouping started to gain international attention after signing to Isle, and touring in support of the albums Catch a Fire and Burnin' (both 1973). Following the disbandment of the Wailers a year afterwards, Marley carried on under the band'south proper noun.[11] The album Natty Dread (1974) received positive reception. In 1975, post-obit the global popularity of Eric Clapton'due south version of Marley's "I Shot the Sheriff",[12] Marley had his international breakthrough with his first hit outside Jamaica, with a live version of "No Woman, No Cry", from the Live! album.[13] This was followed by his quantum album in the United States, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which reached the Top l of the Billboard Soul Charts.[14] A few months after the album'due south release Marley survived an assassination attempt at his home in Jamaica, which prompted him to permanently relocate to London. During his time in London he recorded the album Exodus (1977); it incorporated elements of blues, soul, and British rock and enjoyed widespread commercial and critical success. In 1977, Marley was diagnosed with acral lentiginous melanoma; he died equally a result of the disease in 1981. His fans around the globe expressed their grief, and he received a state funeral in Jamaica.

The greatest hits album Legend was released in 1984, and became the best-selling reggae anthology of all fourth dimension.[15] Marley also ranks as ane of the best-selling music artists of all time, with estimated sales of more than than 75 1000000 records worldwide.[16] He was posthumously honoured by Jamaica soon after his expiry with a designated Order of Merit by his nation. In 1994, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Rolling Stone ranked him No. 11 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[17] His other achievements include a Grammy Lifetime Accomplishment Laurels, a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and induction into the Black Music & Amusement Walk of Fame.

Early life and career

Robert Nesta Marley was born on 6 February 1945 at the farm of his maternal grandfather in 9 Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica, to Norval Sinclair Marley and Cedella Malcolm.[18] Norval Marley was from Crowborough, East Sussex in England,[19] so resident of Clarendon Parish,[twenty] whose family claimed to have Syrian Jewish origins every bit well.[21] [22] [23] Norval claimed to have been a helm in the Royal Marines;[24] at the fourth dimension of his marriage to Cedella Malcolm, an Afro-Jamaican then 18 years sometime, he was employed every bit a plantation overseer.[24] [25] Bob Marley'south full name is Robert Nesta Marley, though some sources give his birth name as Nesta Robert Marley, with a story that when Marley was still a boy a Jamaican passport official reversed his start and middle names because Nesta sounded like a girl'southward name.[26] [27] Norval provided financial support for his wife and child just seldom saw them as he was frequently away. Bob Marley attended Stepney Primary and Junior Loftier School which serves the catchment expanse of Saint Ann.[28] [29] In 1955, when Bob Marley was 10 years former, his father died of a heart attack at the historic period of 70.[30] Marley'southward mother went on later to ally Edward Booker, a ceremonious servant from the United States, giving Marley two half-brothers: Richard and Anthony.[31] [32]

Bob Marley and Neville Livingston (later known as Bunny Wailer) had been babyhood friends in 9 Mile. They had started to play music together while at Stepney Primary and Inferior High School.[33] Marley left Nine Mile with his mother when he was 12 and moved to Trenchtown, Kingston. She and Thadeus Livingston (Bunny Wailer'southward father) had a daughter together whom they named Claudette Pearl,[34] who was a younger sister to both Bob and Bunny. Now that Marley and Livingston were living together in the same house in Trenchtown, their musical explorations deepened to include the new ska music, and the latest R&B from United States radio stations whose broadcasts reached Jamaica.[35] Marley formed a song group with Bunny Wailer, and Peter Tosh. The line-upwards was known variously as the Teenagers, the Wailing Rudeboys, the Wailing Wailers and finally just the Wailers. Joe Higgs, who was office of the successful vocal human activity Higgs and Wilson, lived nearby and encouraged Marley.[36] Marley and the others did not play any instruments at this fourth dimension, and were more than interested in existence a vocal harmony grouping. Higgs helped them develop their vocal harmonies, and started to teach Marley how to play guitar.[37] [38]

Musical career

1962–1972: Early years

In February 1962, Marley recorded four songs, "Judge Not", "One Loving cup of Coffee", "Exercise You Even so Love Me?" and "Terror", at Federal Studios for local music producer Leslie Kong.[39] Three of the songs were released on Beverley's with "One Loving cup of Coffee" being released under the pseudonym Bobby Martell.[forty]

In 1963, Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, Peter Tosh, Inferior Braithwaite, Beverley Kelso, and Blood-red Smith were called the Teenagers. They later changed the name to the Wailing Rudeboys, so to the Wailing Wailers, at which point they were discovered by tape producer Coxsone Dodd, and finally to the Wailers. Their single "Simmer Down" for the Coxsone label became a Jamaican No. ane in Feb 1964 selling an estimated lxx,000 copies.[41] The Wailers, now regularly recording for Studio One, constitute themselves working with established Jamaican musicians such as Ernest Ranglin (arranger "Information technology Hurts To Be Alone"),[42] the keyboardist Jackie Mittoo and saxophonist Roland Alphonso. By 1966, Braithwaite, Kelso, and Smith had left the Wailers, leaving the core trio of Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, and Peter Tosh.[43]

In 1966, Marley married Rita Anderson, and moved virtually his female parent's residence in Wilmington, Delaware, in the Us for a short time, during which he worked equally a DuPont lab assistant, and on the assembly line and as a fork lift operator at a Chrysler plant in nearby Newark, under the allonym Donald Marley.[44] [45]

Though raised as a Catholic, Marley became interested in Rastafari beliefs in the 1960s, when away from his female parent's influence.[46] After returning to Jamaica, Marley formally converted to Rastafari and began to grow dreadlocks.

Afterwards a financial disagreement with Dodd, Marley and his band teamed up with Lee "Scratch" Perry and his studio band, the Upsetters. Although the brotherhood lasted less than a year, they recorded what many consider the Wailers' finest work. Marley and Perry split up after a dispute regarding the assignment of recording rights, only they would proceed to work together.[47]

1969 brought another change to Jamaican popular music in which the beat slowed down even further. The new crush was a slow, steady, ticking rhythm that was first heard on The Maytals song "Practise the Reggay." Marley approached producer Leslie Kong, who was regarded every bit one of the major developers of the reggae sound. For the recordings, Kong combined the Wailers with his studio musicians called Beverley's All-Stars, which consisted of the bassists Lloyd Parks and Jackie Jackson, the drummer Paul Douglas, the keyboard players Gladstone Anderson and Winston Wright, and the guitarists Rad Bryan, Lynn Taitt, and Hux Brownish.[48] As David Moskowitz writes, "The tracks recorded in this session illustrated the Wailers' earliest efforts in the new reggae style. Gone are the ska trumpets and saxophones of the before songs, with instrumental breaks now being played by the electric guitar." The songs recorded would exist released every bit the anthology The Best of The Wailers, including tracks "Soul Shakedown Party," "Stop That Railroad train," "Circumspection," "Go Tell It on the Mount," "Before long Come up," "Tin can't Yous See," "Soul Captives," "Cheer Up," "Back Out," and "Do Information technology Twice".[48]

Exterior of Bob Marley's apartment building in London.

Bob Marley's flat in 1972 at 34 Ridgmount Gardens, Bloomsbury, London

Betwixt 1968 and 1972, Bob and Rita Marley, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer re-cut some old tracks with JAD Records in Kingston and London in an attempt to commercialise the Wailers' sound. Bunny later asserted that these songs "should never be released on an album ... they were just demos for record companies to listen to". In 1968, Bob and Rita visited songwriter Jimmy Norman at his apartment in the Bronx. Norman had written the extended lyrics for Kai Winding'south "Time Is on My Side" (covered by the Rolling Stones) and had also written for Johnny Nash and Jimi Hendrix.[49] A three-day jam session with Norman and others, including Norman'due south co-writer Al Pyfrom, resulted in a 24-infinitesimal tape of Marley performing several of his own and Norman-Pyfrom'due south compositions. This tape is, according to Reggae archivist Roger Steffens, rare in that it was influenced by popular rather than reggae, equally function of an attempt to break Marley into the US charts.[49] According to an article in The New York Times, Marley experimented on the tape with unlike sounds, adopting a doo-wop way on "Stay With Me" and "the slow love song manner of 1960s artists" on "Splish for My Splash".[49] An creative person however to constitute himself outside his native Jamaica, Marley lived in Ridgmount Gardens, Bloomsbury, during 1972.[50]

1972–1974: Motility to Island Records

In 1972, Bob Marley signed with CBS Records in London and embarked on a UK tour with soul vocaliser Johnny Nash.[51] While in London the Wailers asked their road manager Brent Clarke to innovate them to Chris Blackwell, who had licensed some of their Coxsone releases for his Island Records. The Wailers intended to hash out the royalties associated with these releases; instead, the meeting resulted in the offering of an advance of £iv,000 to record an album.[52] Since Jimmy Cliff, Isle's height reggae star, had recently left the label, Blackwell was primed for a replacement. In Marley, Blackwell recognised the elements needed to snare the rock audience: "I was dealing with rock music, which was really rebel music. I felt that would really exist the mode to break Jamaican music. Merely you needed someone who could be that image. When Bob walked in he really was that epitome."[53] The Wailers returned to Jamaica to record at Harry J's in Kingston, which resulted in the anthology Catch a Burn down.

Primarily recorded on an viii-track, Catch a Fire marked the starting time time a reggae band had admission to a land-of-the-fine art studio and were accorded the same intendance as their stone 'north' roll peers.[53] Blackwell desired to create "more of a globe-trotting, hypnotic-type feel than a reggae rhythm",[54] and restructured Marley's mixes and arrangements. Marley travelled to London to supervise Blackwell's overdubbing of the album at Island Studios, which included tempering the mix from the bass-heavy sound of Jamaican music and omitting two tracks.[53]

The Wailers' offset album for Island, Catch a Fire, was released worldwide in April 1973, packaged like a stone record with a unique Zippo lighter lift-top. Initially selling xiv,000 units, information technology received a positive disquisitional reception.[53] It was followed later that yr by the album Burnin' which included the vocal "I Shot the Sheriff". Eric Clapton was given the album past his guitarist George Terry in the hope that he would enjoy information technology.[55] Clapton was impressed and chose to record a encompass version of "I Shot the Sheriff" which became his kickoff U.s. hitting since "Layla" two years earlier and reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on fourteen September 1974.[56] Many Jamaicans were not keen on the new reggae sound on Catch a Fire, but the Trenchtown style of Burnin found fans across both reggae and rock audiences.[53]

During this menstruation, Blackwell gifted his Kingston residence and visitor headquarters at 56 Promise Road (then known as Island Firm) to Marley. Housing Tuff Gong Studios, the holding became not only Marley'south part but also his home.[53]

The Wailers were scheduled to open 17 shows in the United states for Sly and the Family Stone. After iv shows, the band was fired because they were more than popular than the acts they were opening for.[57] The Wailers disbanded in 1974, with each of the three main members pursuing a solo career.

1974–1976: Line-up changes and shooting

A crowd of people standing in water and listening to a band perform on stage

Despite the suspension-upwardly, Marley connected recording equally "Bob Marley & The Wailers". His new backing band included brothers Carlton and Aston "Family Man" Barrett on drums and bass respectively, Junior Marvin and Al Anderson on lead guitar, Tyrone Downie and Earl "Wya" Lindo on keyboards, and Alvin "Seeco" Patterson on percussion. The "I Threes", consisting of Judy Mowatt, Marcia Griffiths, and Marley's wife, Rita, provided backing vocals. In 1975, Marley had his international breakthrough with his commencement hit outside Jamaica, with a live version of "No Woman, No Weep", from the Live! anthology.[13] This was followed by his breakthrough album in the United States, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which reached the Top l of the Billboard Soul Charts.[14]

On three December 1976, two days before "Grinning Jamaica", a free concert organised by the Jamaican Prime Minister Michael Manley in an attempt to ease tension between two warring political groups, Marley, his wife, and manager Don Taylor were wounded in an assault by unknown gunmen inside Marley'due south home. Taylor and Marley's married woman sustained serious injuries but later fabricated full recoveries. Bob Marley received minor wounds in the chest and arm.[58] The try on his life was idea to take been politically motivated, as many felt the concert was really a support rally for Manley. Nonetheless, the concert proceeded, and an injured Marley performed equally scheduled, two days after the effort. When asked why, Marley responded, "The people who are trying to make this world worse aren't taking a mean solar day off. How tin I?"[ citation needed ] The members of the group Zap Pow played every bit Bob Marley's fill-in band before a festival oversupply of 80,000 while members of The Wailers were even so missing or in hiding.[59] [60]

1976–1979: Relocation to England

Marley left Jamaica at the terminate of 1976, and after a calendar month-long "recovery and writing" sojourn at the site of Chris Blackwell's Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahama islands, arrived in England, where he spent two years in cocky-imposed exile.

Whilst in England, he recorded the albums Exodus and Kaya. Exodus stayed on the British anthology charts for 56 sequent weeks. It included four UK hit singles: "Exodus", "Waiting in Vain", "Jamming", and "One Dear" (which interpolates Curtis Mayfield's striking, "People Become Set"). During his fourth dimension in London, he was arrested and received a conviction for possession of a minor quantity of cannabis.[61] In 1978, Marley returned to Jamaica and performed at another political concert, the I Love Peace Concert, over again in an endeavour to calm warring parties. Near the end of the performance, by Marley'due south request, Michael Manley (leader of then-ruling People'south National Party) and his political rival Edward Seaga (leader of the opposing Jamaica Labour Party) joined each other on stage and shook easily.[62]

Nether the proper name Bob Marley and the Wailers 11 albums were released, four live albums and seven studio albums. The releases included Babylon past Motorbus, a double live anthology with 13 tracks, was released in 1978 and received critical acclaim. This anthology, and specifically the final track "Jamming" with the audience in a frenzy captured the intensity of Marley'due south live performances.[63]

"Marley wasn't singing about how peace could come hands to the World only rather how hell on Globe comes as well easily to too many. His songs were his memories; he had lived with the wretched, he had seen the downpressers and those whom they pressed downward."

 – Mikal Gilmore, Rolling Stone [64] : 61

1979–1981: Later years

Survival, a defiant and politically charged anthology, was released in 1979. Tracks such as "Republic of zimbabwe", "Africa Unite", "Wake Upward and Live", and "Survival" reflected Marley's support for the struggles of Africans. His advent at the Amandla Festival in Boston in July 1979 showed his strong opposition to S African apartheid, which he already had shown in his song "State of war" in 1976. In early 1980, he was invited to perform at 17 April commemoration of Zimbabwe's Independence Solar day.[65]

Uprising (1980) was Bob Marley's final studio album, and is 1 of his most religious productions; information technology includes "Redemption Song" and "Forever Loving Jah".[66] Confrontation, released posthumously in 1983, contained unreleased material recorded during Marley's lifetime, including the hit "Buffalo Soldier" and new mixes of singles previously but available in Jamaica.[67]

Illness and decease

Bob Marley singing and playing guitar at a concert in Zurich, Switzerland in 1980.

Marley in concert in 1980, Zürich, Switzerland

In July 1977, Marley was diagnosed with a type of malignant melanoma nether a toenail.[68] Contrary to urban legend, this lesion was not primarily caused by an injury during a football lucifer that twelvemonth but was instead a symptom of already-existing cancer.[69] He had to see 2 doctors earlier a biopsy was made, which confirmed acral lentiginous melanoma. Unlike other melanomas, usually on skin exposed to the lord's day, acral lentiginous melanoma occurs in places that are easy to miss, such every bit the soles of the anxiety, or under toenails. Although it is the most mutual melanoma in people with dark skin, it is non widely recognised, and was not mentioned in the near pop medical textbook of the fourth dimension.[70]

Marley rejected his doctors' advice to have his toe amputated (which would have hindered his performing career), citing his religious beliefs, and instead, the blast and nail bed were removed and a skin graft was taken from his thigh to cover the area.[71] [72] Despite his disease, he continued touring and was in the process of scheduling a 1980 world tour.[73]

The album Uprising was released in May 1980. The band completed a major tour of Europe, where it played its biggest concert to 100,000 people in Milan, Italia. After the tour Marley went to the U.s.a., where he performed two shows at Madison Foursquare Garden in New York City every bit part of the Uprising Bout.[74] He collapsed while jogging in Central Park and was taken to the hospital, where it was found that his cancer had spread to his encephalon, lungs, and liver.[75]

Marley's concluding concert took place two days afterward at the Stanley Theater (now The Benedum Heart For The Performing Arts) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on 23 September 1980.[76] The only known photographs from the prove were included in Kevin Macdonald'south 2012 documentary picture Marley.[77]

Shortly after, Marley's wellness deteriorated as his cancer had spread throughout his body. The rest of the tour was canceled and Marley sought treatment at the dispensary of Josef Issels in Bavaria, Germany, where he underwent an alternative cancer treatment called Issels handling partly based on avoidance of certain foods, drinks, and other substances. After eight months of failing to effectively treat his advancing cancer, Marley boarded a plane for his dwelling in Jamaica.[78] During the flight Marley's vital functions worsened. After landing in Miami, Florida, he was taken to Cedars of Lebanon Hospital (later University of Miami Hospital) for firsthand medical attention, where he died on 11 May 1981, aged 36, due to the spread of melanoma to his lungs and brain. His final words to his son Ziggy were "Money can't buy life."[79]

Marley was given a state funeral in Jamaica on 21 May 1981, which combined elements of Ethiopian Orthodoxy[80] [81] and Rastafari tradition.[82] He was buried in a chapel near his birthplace with his guitar.[83]

On 21 May 1981, Jamaican Prime Minister Edward Seaga delivered the final funeral eulogy to Marley, saying:

His voice was an omnipresent cry in our electronic world. His sharp features, majestic looks, and prancing way a vivid carving on the landscape of our minds. Bob Marley was never seen. He was an feel which left an indelible imprint with each see. Such a homo cannot be erased from the mind. He is part of the collective consciousness of the nation.[64] : 58

Legacy

Awards and honours

  • 1976: Rolling Rock Ring of the Year
  • June 1978: Awarded the Peace Medal of the Third World from the United nations.[64] : 5
  • Feb 1981: Awarded the Jamaican Order of Merit, then the nation'south tertiary highest laurels.[84]
  • March 1994: Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
  • 1999: Album of the Century for Exodus past Time magazine.[85]
  • Feb 2001: A star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
  • February 2001: Awarded Grammy Lifetime Achievement Honor.[86]
  • 2004: Rolling Rock ranked him No. 11 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[17]
  • 2004: Among the kickoff inductees into the UK Music Hall of Fame
  • "One Love" named vocal of the millennium by BBC.
  • Voted as one of the greatest lyricists of all time by a BBC poll.[87]
  • 2006: A blue plaque was unveiled at his first U.k. residence in Ridgmount Gardens, London, defended to him by the Nubian Jak Customs Trust and supported by the Strange and Commonwealth Role.[88] [89]
  • 2010: Grab a Fire inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame (Reggae Album).[90]
  • 2022: Inducted into the Blackness Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame.[91]

Other tributes

Marley statue in Kingston

A statue was inaugurated, next to the national stadium on Arthur Wint Bulldoze in Kingston to commemorate him.[92] In 2006, the New York City Department of Teaching co-named a portion of Church Avenue from Remsen Avenue to Due east 98th Street in the E Flatbush section of Brooklyn as "Bob Marley Boulevard".[93] [94] In 2008, a statue of Marley was inaugurated in Banatski Sokolac, Serbia.[95]

Internationally, Marley's message as well continues to reverberate amid various indigenous communities. For instance, members of the Native American Hopi and Havasupai tribes revere his piece of work.[64] In that location are also many tributes to Bob Marley throughout Republic of india, including restaurants, hotels, and cultural festivals.[96] [97]

Marley evolved into a global symbol, which has been endlessly merchandised through a diversity of media. In the light of this, author Dave Thompson in his book, Reggae and Caribbean area Music, laments what he perceives to be the commercialised pacification of Marley'due south more than militant edge, stating:

Bob Marley ranks among both the virtually popular and the most misunderstood figures in mod civilisation ... That the motorcar has utterly emasculated Marley is beyond doubtfulness. Gone from the public tape is the ghetto kid who dreamed of Che Guevara and the Black Panthers, and pinned their posters upward in the Wailers Soul Shack record store; who believed in freedom; and the fighting which it necessitated, and dressed the part on an early album sleeve; whose heroes were James Chocolate-brown and Muhammad Ali; whose God was Ras Tafari and whose sacrament was marijuana. Instead, the Bob Marley who surveys his kingdom today is smiling benevolence, a shining dominicus, a waving palm tree, and a cord of hits which tumble out of polite radio like processed from a gumball machine. Of form information technology has assured his immortality. But it has as well demeaned him beyond recognition. Bob Marley was worth far more.[98]

Several film adaptations accept evolved as well. For case, a feature-length documentary about his life, Rebel Music, won various awards at the Grammys. With contributions from Rita, The Wailers, and Marley's lovers and children, it likewise tells much of the story in his own words.[99] In February 2008, director Martin Scorsese announced his intention to produce a documentary moving-picture show on Marley. The film was set to be released on 6 Feb 2010, on what would have been Marley'due south 65th altogether.[100] Still, Scorsese dropped out due to scheduling problems. He was replaced by Jonathan Demme,[101] who dropped out due to creative differences with producer Steve Bing during the get-go of editing. Kevin Macdonald replaced Demme[102] and the film, Marley, was released on 20 April 2012.[103] In 2011, ex-girlfriend and filmmaker Esther Anderson, along with Gian Godoy, made the documentary Bob Marley: The Making of a Legend, which premiered at the Edinburgh International Motion-picture show Festival.[104]

In October 2015, Jamaican author Marlon James's novel, A Cursory History of Seven Killings, a fictional account of the attempted assassination of Marley, won the 2015 Human Booker Prize at a anniversary in London.[105]

In Feb 2020, Go Upward, Stand! The Bob Marley Musical was announced by writer Lee Hall and director Dominic Cooke, starring Arinzé Kene as Bob Marley. It will open up at London's Lyric Theatre on 20 October 2021, later on being postponed from its original February premiere due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[106] [107]

Personal life

Religion

Bob Marley was a fellow member for some years of the Rastafari motion, whose civilisation was a central element in the evolution of reggae.[ citation needed ] He became an ardent proponent of Rastafari, taking its music out of the socially deprived areas of Jamaica and onto the international music scene.[ citation needed ] As part of beingness a Rastafarian he felt that Haile Selassie of Federal democratic republic of ethiopia was an incarnation of God or "Jah".[108] Archbishop Abuna Yesehaq baptised Marley into the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, giving him the proper noun Berhane Selassie, on 4 Nov 1980, shortly earlier his death.[109] [110]

Every bit a Rastafarian Marley supported the legalisation of cannabis or "ganja", which Rastafarians believe is an assistance to meditation.[111] Marley began to use cannabis when he converted to the Rastafari faith from Catholicism in 1966. He was arrested in 1968 later on being defenseless with cannabis but continued to use marijuana in accordance with his religious beliefs. Of his marijuana usage, he said, "When you fume herb, herb reveal yourself to you. All the wickedness you do, the herb reveal itself to yourself, your conscience, show up yourself clear, because herb make you meditate. Is only a natural t'ing and information technology grow like a tree."[112] Marley saw marijuana usage as a vital gene in religious growth and connection with Jah, and every bit a fashion to philosophise and get wiser.[113]

Marley was a Pan-Africanist and believed in the unity of African people worldwide. His beliefs were rooted in his Rastafari religious beliefs.[114] He was substantially inspired past Marcus Garvey, and had anti-imperialist and pan-Africanist themes in many of his songs, such as "Zimbabwe", "Exodus", "Survival", "Blackman Redemption", and "Redemption Vocal". "Redemption Vocal" draws influence from a spoken language given past Marcus Garvey in Nova Scotia, 1937.[115] Marley held that independence of African countries from European domination was a victory for all those in the African diaspora. In the song "Africa Unite", he sings of a desire for all peoples of the African diaspora to come together and fight against "Babylon"; similarly, in the song "Zimbabwe", he marks the liberation of the whole continent of Africa, and evokes calls for unity between all Africans, both within and outside Africa.[116]

Family unit

Bob Marley married Alpharita Constantia "Rita" Anderson in Kingston, Jamaica, on x February 1966.[117] Marley had many children: four with his married woman Rita, two adopted from Rita's previous relationships, and several others with dissimilar women. The official Bob Marley website acknowledges 11 children.

Those listed on the official site are:[118]

  1. Sharon, born 23 November 1964, girl of Rita from a previous relationship but and then adopted by Marley subsequently his union with Rita
  2. Cedella, born 23 August 1967, to Rita
  3. David "Ziggy", born 17 October 1968, to Rita
  4. Stephen, built-in twenty April 1972, to Rita
  5. Robert "Robbie", born 16 May 1972, to Pat Williams
  6. Rohan, born 19 May 1972, to Janet Hunt
  7. Karen, built-in 1973 to Janet Bowen
  8. Stephanie, born 17 August 1974; co-ordinate to Cedella Booker she was the daughter of Rita and a man called Ital with whom Rita had an matter; nonetheless, she was acknowledged as Bob'south daughter
  9. Julian, born iv June 1975, to Lucy Pounder
  10. Ky-Mani, born 26 February 1976, to Anita Belnavis
  11. Damian, born 21 July 1978, to Cindy Breakspeare

Other sites have noted additional individuals who claim to be family members,[119] as noted below:

  • Makeda was born on 30 May 1981, to Yvette Crichton, after Marley's death.[120] Meredith Dixon's volume lists her as Marley'due south child, but she is non listed as such on the Bob Marley official website.
  • Various websites, for example,[121] also listing Imani Carole, born 22 May 1963 to Cheryl Murray; but she does non announced on the official Bob Marley website.[120]

Marley too has three notable grandchildren, musician Skip Marley, American football player Nico Marley and model Selah Marley.

Association football

Bated from music, association football game played a major office throughout his life.[122] Too as playing the game, in parking lots, fields, and even inside recording studios, growing up he followed the Brazilian club Santos and its star histrion Pelé[122] and was also a supporter of English football social club, Tottenham Hotspur and Argentine midfielder Ossie Ardiles, who played for the guild from 1978 for a decade.[123] Marley surrounded himself with people from the sport, and in the 1970s made the Jamaican international footballer Allan "Skill" Cole his tour manager.[122] He told a journalist, "If you want to get to know me, y'all volition have to play football against me and the Wailers."[122]

Discography

Studio albums

  • The Wailing Wailers (1965)
  • Soul Rebels (1970)
  • Soul Revolution Part II (1971)
  • The Best of the Wailers (1971)
  • Catch a Fire (1973)
  • Burnin' (1973)
  • Natty Dread (1974)
  • Rastaman Vibration (1976)
  • Exodus (1977)
  • Kaya (1978)
  • Survival (1979)
  • Uprising (1980)
  • Confrontation (1983)

Alive albums

  • Live! (1975)
  • Babylon by Bus (1978)

See also

  • Outline of Bob Marley
  • List of peace activists
  • Fabian Marley
  • Desis bobmarleyi – an underwater spider species named in honor of Marley

References

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Sources

  • Davis, Stephen (28 July 1983). Bob Marley: the biography . Littlehampton Book Services Ltd. ISBN978-0213168599.
  • Gooden, Lou (2003). Reggae Heritage: Jamaica's Music History, Culture & Politic. AuthorHouse. ISBN978-1-4107-8062-one. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
  • Hombach, Jean-Pierre (2012). Bob Marley: The Father of Music. Lulu. ISBN9781471620454. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  • Marley, Rita; Jones, Hettie (2004). No Woman No Cry: My Life with Bob Marley, Hyperion Books, ISBN 0-7868-8755-9
  • Masouri, Jon (xi November 2009). Wailing Blues – The Story of Bob Marley's Wailers. Music Sales Grouping. ISBN978-0-85712-035-9. Archived from the original on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
  • Moskowitz, David (2007). The Words and Music of Bob Marley. Westport, Connecticut, Us: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN978-0-275-98935-4. Archived from the original on ix March 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  • Moskowitz, David (2007). Bob Marley: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN978-0-313-33879-3. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 20 Feb 2016.
  • Toynbee, Jason (eight May 2013). Bob Marley: Herald of a Postcolonial World. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-0-7456-5737-0. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 20 Feb 2016.
  • White, Timothy (2006). Catch a Fire: The Life of Bob Marley. New York: Macmillan. ISBN0-8050-8086-four.

Further reading

  • Farley, Christopher (2007). Earlier the Fable: The Rise of Bob Marley, Amistad Press, ISBN 0-06-053992-5
  • Goldman, Vivien (2006). The Book of Exodus: The Making and Meaning of Bob Marley and the Wailers' Album of the Century, Aurum Press, ISBN 1-84513-210-6
  • Middleton, J. Richard (2000). "Identity and Subversion in Babylon: Strategies for 'Resisting Against the System' in the Music of Bob Marley and the Wailers". Religion, Civilisation, and Tradition in the Caribbean. St. Martin'southward Press. pp. 181–198. ISBN978-0-312-23242-9. Archived from the original on xx May 2021. Retrieved 2 Nov 2017.

External links

  • Official website [ permanent dead link ]
  • Bob Marley at Curlie
  • Bob Marley at Discogs

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